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- III. ARTERIAL VASODILATORS
-
- The important vasodilators in the therapy of moderate hypertension
- are hydralazine and the calcium channel blockers. In severe hyperten-
- sion, minoxidil may be used.
- A. Hydralazine Hydralazine relaxes arterial smooth muscle by an un-
- known mechanism. It should always be used with a sympathoplegic and a
- diuretic to counteract the compensatory responses it evokes (tachycar-
- dia and salt and water retention).
- Indications:
- * Hypertension.
- * Congestive heart failure (unlabeled).
- * Severe aortic or mitral regurgitation (unlabeled).
- Contraindications and Warnings:
- * Coronary artery disease (eg, angina) and mitral stenosis (because
- hydralazine evokes significant tachycardia).
- Adverse Reactions and Overdose Toxicity:
- * Fluid retention (compensatory) is common unless used with a diuretic)
- * Tachycardia (compensatory) is common unless a sympathoplegic is used
- concomitantly. Anginal pain may occur in patients with coronary disease.
- Overdose can result in severe hypotension and reflex tachycardia with
- myocardial ischemia.
- (PgDn for more text)
-
- * A lupus erythematosus-like syndrome may occur in patients receiving
- more than 200 mg/d of hydralazine, especially if they are "slow
- acetylators." It is usually reversible.
- * Peripheral neuropathies resembling pyridoxine deficiency and blood
- dyscrasias (rare).
- * Treatment of overdosage should be directed towards maintenance of ade-
- quate blood pressure (fluids are usually sufficient).
- Interactions:
- * Additive actions with other antihypertensive drugs.
- * Increase in oral bioavailability of beta-blockers normally subject to
- large first-pass metabolism has been reported when hydralazine was
- given, but is of dubious significance.
-
- 2. Minoxidil: Minoxidil is a powerful arterial vasodilator with an un-
- known mechanism of action. Because of its toxicity, it is usually
- reserved for severe hypertension.
- Indications:
- * Hypertension.
- * Topical use in treatment of baldness under the name Rogaine.
-
-
-
- (PgDn for more text)
-
- Contraindications and warnings:
- * Pheochromocytoma
- * Acute myocardial infarction
- * Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta.
- Adverse reactions and Overdosage Toxicity:
- * Compensatory sympathetic discharge may cause significant tachycardia.
- * Compensatory fluid retention.
- * Pleural or pericardial effusion. Tamponade has been reported but it is
- rare.
- * Hirsuitism in women has been reported.
- * Overdosage is likely to cause significant hypotension. This is best
- managed with fluids.
- Interactions: Additive effects with other hypotensive agents.
-
- 3. Calcium Channel Blockers: Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine
- Verapamil is labeled for the treatment of hypertension and it appears
- likely that the other members of this group will soon be approved for
- this indication since all are effective. Additional details are provided
- in Chapter 2 (Antianginal Drugs). Many newer calcium channel blockers
- are being investigated as potential antihypertensive agents.
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